ObjectiveCochlear explantation for purely elective (e.g. psychological and emotional) reasons is not well studied. Herein, we aim to provide data and expert commentary about elective cochlear implant (CI) removal that may help to guide clinical decision-making and formulate guidelines related to CI explantation.Data sourcesWe address these objectives via three approaches: case report of a patient who desired elective CI removal; review of literature and expert discussion by surgeon, audiologist, bioethicist, CI user and member of Deaf community.Review methodsA systematic review using (...) three scientific online databases was performed. Included articles addressed the benefits and/or complications of cochlear implantation in young children, CI explantation with or without revision surgery and the ethical debate between the medical and Deaf communities on cochlear implantation and explantation.ConclusionsThe medical and audiological perspectives identify a host of risks related to implant removal without reimplantation, including risk from surgery, general anaesthesia, cochlear ossification and poor audiometric outcomes. The member of the deaf community and bioethicist argue that physicians need to guide the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and patient autonomy. Taken together, patient desires should be seen as paramount, if the patient is otherwise fit for surgery and well informed.Implications for practiceSimilar to the case of device implantation, device explantation should be a multidisciplinary and collaborative decision with the patient and the family’s desires at the centre. While every case is different, we offer a CI explantation discussion to assist in clinical decision-making, patient counselling and education. (shrink)

In Brazil, every study involving human beings is required to produce an informed consent form that must be signed by study participants: this is stated in Resolution 196/96. 1 Consent must be obtained through a specific structured process. Objective: To present the opinions of women regarding how the process of obtaining informed consent should be conducted when women are invited to participate in studies on contraceptive methods. Subjects and Methods: Eight focus groups were conducted, involving a total of 51 women (...) living in the metropolitan region of Campinas. The women involved in the study were either participating in a clinical trial in the area of women's health or had participated in such a trial in the previous 12 months. A thematic guide was used to conduct the focus group discussions; the discussions were recorded, transcribed and a thematic analysis performed. Results: In general, the person who invites a woman to participate in a study should be a member of the research team but not the principal investigator. Information relating to the study should be given orally and in writing, both individually and in the group setting. Study volunteers should be informed about, among other things, the risks, possible side effects and discomforts, including long-term effects. The use of audiovisual aids to provide information was suggested. Conclusion: The process for obtaining informed consent was seen as a means of establishing a relationship between the volunteers and the investigator/research team. The information that the study participants expected to be given coincides with the requirements established under Resolution 196/96. The use of audiovisual aids would improve understanding of the information provided. (shrink)

This paper analyses the gender pay determinants between top and lower level of Portuguese employees. A relatively large data pool, for 2003, covering business functions hitherto neglected, sheds a new light into the factors that lead to the earnings of men and women. Our analysis combines human capital with internal-labour-markets theories. Our findings allow the identification of jobsegregation as one important source of the gender pay gap. Moreover, they confirm that earnings are determined by different factors and suggest a reasonable (...) opportunity for women to combine career and family. (shrink)

A presente coletânea é resultado de cooperação de pesquisadores brasileiros e portugueses, envolvidos com a docência no ensino superior e a consequente formação continuada dos professores universitários. A frequência no ensino superior é vista como uma conquista social dos ideais democráticos modernos e teria trazido novos públicos aos bancos escolares, o que tornaria esse ensino uma realidade de maneira qualitativa distinta com a qual decisores políticos, gestores, professores e estudantes devem aprender a lidar. Essas preocupações pretenderam motivar e nortear os (...) temas abordados nesta obra. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: The text addresses Foucault’s critical understanding of neoliberalism as a new contemporary governmentality strategy for the conduction of people’s lives. A major aspect of Foucault’s analysis of neoliberalism relies on his understanding of the neoliberal homo oeconomicus as dependent on subjectivation processes related to self-assumed values and standards oriented by the competitive economic market. Our hypothesis is that governmentality, critique and subjectivation are the core notions that shaped Foucault’s understanding of neoliberalism and form the legacy of his seminal analysis. (...) Contrary to critics who affirm that Foucault flirted or even became fascinated with neoliberalism, we argue that he offered critical tools for its understanding in a critique that is not to be confused with denunciation, however. Accordingly, we discuss Foucault’s conception of critique and relate his analysis of neoliberalism to his notions of governmentality and subjectivation. Finally, we briefly point out how some contemporary critics of the neoliberal order have appropriated and developed Foucault’s conceptual tools in their own understanding of it. We conclude that although Foucault did not propose a comprehensive theory of neoliberalism, he offered important critical insights for the understanding of it in our times. (shrink)

O texto discute o apelo de Foucault aos corpos e prazeres como instância de resistência aos efeitos do dispositivo da sexualidade. Primeiro, abordamos a descoberta foucaultiana do dispositivo da sexualidade. Depois, discutimos a análise de Judith Butler sobre o modo como Foucault retratou o caso de Herculine Barbin, tomando-o como estratégico para a sua própria crítica à concepção foucaultiana da resistência. Para Butler, ao recorrer aos corpos e aos prazeres Foucault entraria em contradição com sua própria análise genealógica, pois sua (...) sugestão implicaria assumir a potência vital do corpo e do prazer como sendo anterior ou alheia ao dispositivo de poder-saber que produziu os sujeitos da sexualidade. No terceiro momento discorreremos criticamente sobre a análise proposta por Butler e argumentaremos que Foucault não tomou o caso de Herculine Barbin como modelo de resistência válido para nós, pois o entendeu como relativo ao dispositivo do poder pastoral. Finalmente, afirmamos que ao dissociar as práticas sexuais, os corpos e os prazeres do império do “sexo-desejo”, Foucault enfatizou o exercício de condutas sexuais como campo de experiências voltadas à transformação de si e dos outros, por meio da ampliação das relações entre os sujeitos. (shrink)

BackgroundOrgan transplantation represents the most effective and acceptable therapy for end-stage organ failure. However, its frequent practice often leads to a shortage of organs worldwide. To solve this dilemma, some countries, such as Portugal, have switched from an opt-in to an opt-out system, which has raised concerns about respect for individual autonomy. We aimed to evaluate whether young university students are aware of this opt-out system so that they can make informed, autonomous and conscious decisions, as well as to identify (...) the factors that determine a positive attitude toward post-mortem organ donation.MethodsAn observational, cross-sectional study was developed and a questionnaire was administered to first-year students from six faculties of the University of Porto.ResultsOf the 841 participants, 60% were unaware that Portugal had adopted an opt-out system. Among the informed individuals, their main sources of information included social media, internet, and family. Furthermore, only 48% of all participants agreed with the current opt-out system. Female sex (p = 0.049; OR 1.393), knowledge of the law (p < 0.001; OR 4.749) and family being the primary source of information (p < 0.001; OR 2.855) were independent factors associated with a positive attitude toward post-mortem organ donation law.ConclusionsThere is a significant lack of knowledge among young university students regarding the presumed post-mortem organ donation law and how it works. Female sex, having family as a primary source of information and being aware of the presumed post-mortem organ donation law are the strongest independent factors that determine a positive attitude toward the opt-out system. (shrink)

Los derechos humanos sólo adquieren sentido, para Julián Marías, en torno a la persona, una de las claves de su pensamiento. El ser humano es radicalmente diferente a cualquier otro ser, con su doble estructura analítica y empírica, permanente y cambiante al mismo tiempo, y se caracteriza por su existencia argumentativa, proyectiva y futuriza. Javier Pérez Duarte es doctor en Derecho, licenciado en Derecho y en Filosofía y Letras por la Universidad de Deusto, en cuya Facultad de Derecho imparte (...) clases de Filosofía del Derecho y de Ética de las profesiones jurídicas. Entre sus publicaciones cabe destacar Claves del pensamiento político de Julián Marías, El proyecto vital en la ancianidad, en torno a la figura de Norberto Bobbio, Personificación de las cosas y cosificación de la persona, un análisis sobre Georg Simmel en los inicios de la gran revolución industrial, El burgués emprendedor y el capitalista del éxito, un acercamiento al estudio de Werner Sombart de estas dos figuras representativas de la modernidad y Responsabilidad y arte médico en la «Ciudad Universal» de Hans Jonas, acerca de los nuevos peligros del desarrollo científico. (shrink)

Neste texto, discutimos disposições teórico-metodológicas do Grupo de Estudos sobre Numeramento (GEN), na busca de compreender os modos como pessoas, em suas singularidades, mas como sujeitos sociais, se apropriam de práticas matemáticas, tomadas como práticas discursivas. A pesquisa, a formação docente e a atuação do GEN em contextos educativos diversos inserem-se nos campos da Educação Matemática e do Letramento, pois buscam conhecer sujeitos da Educação (crianças, adolescentes, jovens, pessoas adultas e idosas), que, vivendo em sociedades ‘grafocêntricas’ e ‘quanticratas’, movidos por (...) intenções pragmáticas e parametrizados por referências culturais, forjam usos dos sistemas linguísticos relacionados à quantificação, mensuração, ordenação, classificação e organização de formas e espaços. A esses usos chamamos práticas de numeramento. As situações em que as identificamos – os eventos de numeramento –, em seu caráter histórico, são tomadas como unidades da análise das intenções dos usos, dos efeitos de sentido que logram produzir e, principalmente, de como sujeitos se constituem nas interações por eles mediadas, ao produzirem e tensionarem significados. Na seção ‘Compreendendo práticas matemáticas como práticas discursivas: foco, perspectiva e referenciais teórico-metodológicos do Grupo de Estudos sobre Numeramento (GEN)’: explicitamos o propósito do Programa de Pesquisa do Grupo (conhecer sujeitos e grupos sociais que protagonizam práticas de numeramento); justificamos sua base teórica (os Estudos do Letramento como Prática Social; a Pedagogia da Liberdade e da Autonomia; a compreensão da cognição como processo social; e a abordagem sociológica da Linguagem); assumimos a etnografia como lógica de investigação; e propomos a análise de interações como principal tratamento do material empírico. Apontamos também, dadas as especificidades dos sujeitos, a necessidade do diálogo com diversos campos: Educação de Pessoas Jovens, Adultas e Idosas (EJA), Sociologia da/s Infância/s; Estudos da/s Juventude/s; Educação do Campo; Educação Indígena; Educação de Pessoas Surdas; Formação Docente, entre outros. Na seção ‘Compreendendo práticas de numeramento como práticas de letramento: fertilidade analítica e pedagógica das escolhas teóricas’, esclarecemos como nossos estudos se inserem numa perspectiva Etnomatemática, porque contribuem para conhecermos os sujeitos que vemos protagonizar práticas matemáticas ao assumirem posições discursivas – portanto, sociais, culturais e políticas. Na seção ‘Compreendendo a aprendizagem matemática como apropriação de práticas de numeramento: desdobramentos da concepção de práticas matemáticas como práticas discursivas’, apresentamos como o conceito de apropriação de práticas de numeramento, de inspiração vigostskiana, usado para contemplar múltiplos sentidos das ações dos sujeitos em eventos de numeramento, disponibiliza uma ferramenta teórica para compreender a aprendizagem matemática não como experiência cognitiva individual, mas como ação social. Na seção ‘Interlocuções teóricas e disposições analíticas dos estudos mais recentes do GEN’, indicamos como uma análise tridimensional do discurso (do texto, da situação discursiva e da prática social), adotada para conhecer melhor os sujeitos e reconhecê-los como sujeitos sociais, tem-nos conduzido às considerações de Paulo Freire sobre sujeito de cultura, sujeito de conhecimento, sujeito dialógico e sujeito do processo, que compõem o sujeito histórico, protagonista de eventos de numeramento. Na ‘coda’ (‘Reiterando’), reafirmamos o foco de nossa linha de investigação no campo da Educação Matemática: pessoas constituindo-se como sujeitos sociais, enquanto se apropriam de práticas de numeramento. (shrink)

Esta investigación implementó un modelo multicomponente para promover competencias prosociales y prevenir la violencia escolar. Se desarrolló en once escuelas primarias marginadas en Sonora y Chiapas. Se utilizó un protocolo mixto, la fase cuantitativa se efectuó mediante un cuasiexperimento; la cualitativa recurrió a la investigación-acción participativa. Algunos resultados muestran un aumento en la práctica de competencias prosociales en los participantes; el índice de prosociabilidad estudiantil aumentó en ambas ciudades, y hubo una reducción en la violencia escolar. Las estrategias incidieron en (...) el mantenimiento de climas escolares de cordialidad, mayor participación y cohesión, desarrollo de la empatía, asertividad, mejor manejo de emociones y de resolución pacífica de conflictos, lo que en suma coadyuvó a la mejora del aprovechamiento educativo y al aumento de redes de amistad. (shrink)

En los círculos ortodoxos kantianos suelen disculparse las incoherencias del maestro diciendo que era un "hijo de su tiempo". Ciertamente, en su época aún se excluía en toda Europa a las mujeres de la ciudadanía activa, privándolas de ser sujetos políticos y, con ello, sujetos éticos, de derecho, e incluso, históricos. Pero también es verdad que en ese momento está emergiendo un movimiento en defensa de la igualdad de género (querelle des femmes), en el que lamentablemente Kant no participa. En (...) el presente artículo, tras un preámbulo histórico en el que se confronta al Kant crítico con sus predecesores y coetáneos en lo tocante al tema de la igualdad de las mujeres, se defiende la tesis de que la verdadera moralidad no es pensable sin una idea de universalidad real o, lo que viene a ser lo mismo, de igualdad de género, porque solo a partir de ella es pensable la individualidad y la autonomía. Orthodox Kantian circles tend to excuse the philosopher's inconsistencies by saying that he was a "child of his time". It is true that in his time women throughout Europe were excluded from active citizenship, depriving them of the right to be political and, consequently, ethical and even historical subjects. But it is also true that in that same period a movement was emerging in defense of gender equality (querelle des femmes), in which Kant regrettably did not participate. After a historical introduction that contrasts the critical Kant with his predecessors and contemporaries regarding the issue of women's equality, the article goes on to defend the thesis that true morality is unthinkable without an idea of genuine universality, that is, without gender equality, since only on that basis can individuality and autonomy be thought. Nos círculos ortodoxos kantianos, as incoerências do mestre ao dizer que era um "filho de seu tempo" costumam ser desculpadas. Certamente, em sua época ainda se excluía em toda a Europa as mulheres da cidadania ativa e privava-as de serem sujeitos políticos e, com isso, sujeitos éticos, de direito, e inclusive, históricos. Mas também é verdade que, nesse momento, está emergindo um movimento em defesa da igualdade de gênero (querelle des femmes), do qual lamentavelmente Kant não participa. No presente artigo, após um preâmbulo histórico no qual se confronta o Kant crítico com seus predecessores e coetâneos no que tange ao tema da igualdade das mulheres, defende-se a tese de que a verdadeira moralidade não é pensável sem uma ideia de universidade real ou, o que vem a ser a mesma coisa, de igualdade de gênero, porque só a partir dela é pensável a individualidade e a autonomia. (shrink)

In a time marked by the development of innovative treatments in healthcare and the need for health professionals to deal with resulting ethical dilemmas in clinical practice, this study was developed to determine the influence of the bioethics teaching on the moral competence of medical and nursing students. The authors conduct a longitudinal study using the Moral Competence Test extended version before and after attending the ethics curricular unit, in three nursing schools and three medical schools of Portugal. In this (...) questionnaire the participant is confronted with three ethical dilemmas and asked to evaluate arguments for and against the attitude of the main character. For both nursing and medical students, C-score was lower after the attendance of the ethics curricular units, with a statistically significant decrease in the total score for nursing students and a decrease not statistically significant for medical students. A multivariate analysis did not find any association between this decrease and gender, course, or age. The phenomenon of moral segmentation was observed, with better performance in the worker and judge dilemma, than in the doctor dilemma. These results highlight the need to reflect on the curricular strategies that can be implemented for health professionals to better develop moral competence and decision-making, allowing for the provision of humanized health care. (shrink)

Combining the liberalism of Locke and the "civic humanism" of Republicanism, Mary Wollstonecraft explored the need of women for coed and equal education with men, economic independence whether married or not, and representation as citizens in the halls of government. In doing so, she foreshadowed and surpassed her much better known successor, John Stuart Mill. Ten feminist scholars prominent in the fields of political philosophy, constitutional and international law, rhetoric, literature, and psychology argue here that Wollstonecraft, by reason of the (...) scope and complexity of her thought, belongs in the "canon" of political philosophers along with Rousseau and Burke, her contemporaries, both of whom she strenuously engaged in political debate. These essays explore the many aspects of her thought that resound so tellingly to the modern woman, including her groundbreaking attempt to be completely self-sufficient. The final bibliographical essay outlines the changing interpretations of Wollstonecraft's work over the past two hundred years and evaluates her standing among political theorists today. Contributors are Maria J. Falco, Penny A. Weiss, Virginia Sapiro, Virginia L. Muller, Wendy Gunther-Canada, Carol H. Poston, Miriam Brody, Moira Ferguson, Louise Byer Miller, and Dorothy McBride Stetson. (shrink)

Background:In their daily practice, Brazilian nurses have been met with complaints from co-workers and patients, as well as bioethical dilemmas intrinsic to the profession, particularly in the cont...

Objective: To analyze the empathic profile and the empathy scores of freshmen of the nursing course. Design and participants: Descriptive study involving 399 freshmen students of two modalities of nursing courses: Bachelor and Bachelor and Teaching Diploma, in the period from 2012 to 2015. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Empathy Inventory were applied. Ethical considerations: The research received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. The students registered their acceptance (...) to participate in the research by signing the Free and Informed Consent Form and anonymity was guaranteed. Findings: The mean age of the participants was 19 years, being 85.5% female. The students were grouped by course modality and all groups presented high empathy scores. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found, which indicates that students of the Bachelor and Teaching Diploma program presented a higher degree of empathy for the General Score, Domain 2 (Interpersonal Flexibility), and Domain 3 (Altruism) in relation to students in the Bachelor program. Conclusion: Results show that nursing undergraduate freshmen are emphatic, with minimum differences between the two courses. This profile is relevant for the development of future professionals capable to demonstrate a balance between instrumental and expressive competences. (shrink)

Mostraremos que el desacuerdo entre pesimistas y optimistas sobre la resolución racional de los desacuerdos profundos no se ubica en el nivel del contenido, de lo que están diciendo, sino en uno diferente. Para mostrar por qué es así, proponemos detenernos en el funcionamiento lógico-semántico del término clave en este desacuerdo: “racional”. Iniciaremos con el repaso de algunos argumentos que pesimistas y optimistas han esgrimido en su discusión, y comprobaremos la diferencia de estándares ya mencionada (sección 1); luego, nos detendremos (...) en las particularidades lógico-semánticas de “racional”, y explicitaremos lo que hacen los hablantes cuando realizan movidas lingüísticas con él (sección 2); y para finalizar, volveremos sobre el desacuerdo entre pesimistas y optimistas, y mostraremos por qué, a pesar de la diferencia, permanece como un desacuerdo genuino y es importante seguir inmiscuidos en esta discusión. El análisis lógico-semántico nos mostrará que “racional” no es usado para describir un estándar de racionalidad independiente de cualquier contexto, sino para expresar ciertas actitudes respecto de lo que decimos o hacemos. A pesar de la diferencia de estándares, pesimistas y optimistas siguen inmiscuidos en un desacuerdo genuino porque discrepan acerca de ciertas actitudes que hay que adoptar con respecto a, en este caso específico, los DP. (shrink)

El diálogo que aquí se transcribe discurre por Sevilla y el pensamiento de Ortega y Gasset. Se va hablando de la razón topográfica, de cosmopolitismo y de Don Juan, figura objeto de una reflexión filosófica que imita los métodos de dos escuelas antiguas: el diálogo socrático y el paseo peripatético. Partiendo del parque de María Luisa, la conversación recorre el centro de la capital hispalense hasta el barrio de la Macarena, sigue el curso del Guadalquivir, recala en Casa Robles y (...) termina frente a la Maestranza. En última instancia, no se hace sino poner en perspectiva o situación algunas meditaciones magistralmente escritas por Ortega y tirar del hilo. Con ello actualizamos dos claves orteguianas que consideramos fundamentales: la concepción de la vida como diálogo con el contorno y la condición dramática del pensar. (shrink)

Así como hay una lectura de la subjetividad posmoderna entendida en los términos de un nihilismo relativista y ateo, hay también otra lectura de la misma en los términos de una determinación absoluta y divina, inconmensurable e infnita, cuyo exceso de realidad supera los límites de la intelectualidad abstracta. Respecto de esta última interpretación, Kierkegaard constituye el pensador fundamental en el cual se inspiran varios autores posmodernos tales como J. Derrida, G. Deleuze, J. Caputo o M. Taylor. El recurso contemporáneo (...) a las categorías kierkegaardianas de repetición, singularidad, diferencia absoluta, posibilidad, paradoja, instante, religiosidad, fe o ser-en-el-medio-de prueba sobradamente la importancia y actualidad del flósofo danés. (shrink)

Aim: To analyze the empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates. Background: Empathy is a fundamental skill for nursing practice and should be analyzed during the student’s education. Methods: Descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Participants were 968 undergraduate students, including 215 (22.2%) Brazilians from a university in the state of São Paulo and 753 (77.8%) Portuguese students from a higher education institution in central Portugal. The Portuguese and Brazilian versions of the Empathizing/Systemizing Quotient have good internal consistency (...) and reliability. Ethical considerations: In Brazil, approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (protocol 191/2016) and in Portugal, from the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Higher School of Nursing (protocol P362-09/2016). Results: Most (86%) participants were female and aged between 20 and 24 years. In the general profile analysis between both groups, the domains “Social Skills,” “Contents,” and “Processes” scored higher. Gender differences exist for the feeling of empathy and systemizing, as women scored better on the short version of the Empathy Quotient and men on the Systemizing Quotient. Conclusion: As demonstrated in the domain scores for “Social Skills,” “Contents,” and “Processes,” the undergraduate nursing students analyzed have the ability to deal intuitively and spontaneously with social situations; they are also characterized as methodical people, who like to follow rules, and experience practice better than theory, and the women have a higher empathetic level than men, who in turn are more systemizing. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to discuss Kripkc?s reasons for declaring the existence of both necessary a posteriori as well as contingent a priori statements, thus breaking the traditional extensional coincidence of the two pairs of concepts:necessary?contingent and a priori?a posteriori. As I shall argue, there is no reason, from Kripke?s work at least, to reject the usual picture of the topic The appeal ot his arguments rests on the ambiguity with which his expressions are used and on the (...) introduction o\ new senses for old notions. This does not mean, however, that all Knpke?s and Putnam?s intuitions on singular terms and natural kind nouns are wrong. Once Kripke?s ideas are properly uudeistood, they are much moreharmless then they are presented to be and they do not pose a threat to traditional relations relations between modal and epistemological categories. (shrink)

This study investigates priming in an implicit word stem completion (WSC) task by analyzing the effect of linguistic stimuli characteristics on said task. A total of 305 participants performed a WSC task in two phases (study and test). The test phase included 63 unique-solution stems and 63 multiple-solution stems. Analysis revealed that priming (mean = 0.22) was stronger in the case of multiple-solution stems, indicating that they were not a homogeneous group of stimuli. Thus, further analyses were performed only for (...) the data of the unique-solution stems. Correlations between priming and familiarity, frequency of use, and baseline completion were significant. The less familiar words, which were less frequent, had higher priming values. At the same time, the stems with lower baseline completion generated more priming. A regression analysis showed that baseline completion was the only significant predictor of priming, suggesting that the previous processing of the stimuli had a greater impact on the stimuli with low baseline performance. At the same time, baseline completion showed significant positive correlations with familiarity and frequency of use, and a negative correlation with length. When baseline completion was the dependent variable in the regression analysis, the significant variables in the regression were familiarity and length. These results were compared with those obtained in a study using word fragment completion (WFC) by Soler et al. (2009), in which the same words and procedure were employed. Analysis showed that the variables that correlated with priming were the same as in the WSC task, and that completion baseline was the variable that showed the greatest predictive power of priming. This coincidence of results obtained with WFC and WSC tasks highlights the importance of controlling the characteristics of the stimuli used when exploring the nature of priming. (shrink)

The background of this paper is what I call “pragmatic inferentialism,” a view that I attribute to Robert Brandom. Here, I develop Brandom’s view and argue that it is a kind of subject naturalism, in Price’s sense, and that the charge of idealism sometimes addressed against it is unwarranted. Regarding, I show that pragmatic inferentialism finds support from evolutionary psychology and developmental psychology. Regarding, I present what I call “level 0 expressivism,” which I take to be the semantic counterpart of (...) some aspects of evolutionary psychology and developmental psychology. Besides, I resort to Brandom’s defense of Hegel’s conceptual realism. The conclusion of the paper is a vindication of objective truth in the inferentialist framework. (shrink)

This paper deals with Ramsey's theory of truth and its aim is twofold: on the one hand, it will explain what position about truth Ramsey actually defended, and, on the other hand, we will pursue Ramsey's insight in the 20th Century. When the name of Frank Ramsey is mentioned, one of the things that comes to mind is the theory of truth as redundancy. In the following pages we will argue that Ramsey never supported such a theory, but rather an (...) analysis of truth noticeably similar to the prosentential account. In fact, the very word "pro-sentence" appears for the first time in the 20th Century in Ramsey's unfinished work "The nature of truth," written around 1929. Besides, we will show that the prosentential account of truth is a neglected trend throughout the history of analytic philosophy, even though relevant analytic philosophers, such as Prior, Strawson, Williams, Grover, and Brandom, have endorsed it. (shrink)

Após a obrigatoriedade da educação sexual (ES) nas escolas portuguesas em 2009, pretendemos conhecer que perspectiva têm os professores ( N = 307) sobre a ES. Através de um questionário on-line , analisado através de estatística descritiva e de análise factorial e inferencial, avaliámos as atitudes gerais sobre a ES, o conhecimento, o conforto e a disponibilidade para a ensinar, a importância atribuída a diversos tópicos de ES e o nível de escolaridade em que devem ser introduzidos. Os professores revelaram (...) atitudes ainda mais positivas do que em estudos anteriores. Consideraram ter um conhecimento, um conforto e uma disponibilidade moderados, realidade que se mantém inalterada na última década. Ao contrário de estudos anteriores, o início da ES foi proposto mais precocemente, entre o pré-escolar e o 5º ano.1 A perspectiva de ES defendida revela um modelo médico-preventivo, valorizando-se mais a saúde sexual e menos o comportamento sexual e as questões de género. A percepção de formação considerada suficiente, a erotofilia e pontualmente o sexo feminino destacam-se na adopção de uma perspectiva abrangente de ES. A análise de resultados foi, sempre que possível, comparada com resultados de estudos similares realizados no Brasil. (shrink)

The present paper intends to describe the key ideas and concepts in which the Kierkegaardian concept of freedom is summarized.

Durante más de 3000 años, las religiones patriarcales han simbolizado un sistema socio-político e ideológico, que dominó hasta hoy la historia universal. Sin embargo, desde hace por lo menos dos siglos, el pensamiento y la cultura vienen anunciando la muerte del Dios Padre e indagando el destino de la humanidad futura. El presente trabajo intentará mostrar por qué la Gran Diosa Madre simboliza el Otro Nombre, en el cual la subjetividad y la cultura han comenzado a pronunciarse.

Durante deacute;cadas, la historia de la filosofiacute;a ha separado a Kierkegaard de Hegel y a Hegel de Kierkegaard, en detrimento tanto de la grandeza especulativa del pensamiento kierkegaardiano como de la vena existencial del sistema de Hegel. En oposicioacute;n a esta desafortunada lectura, el presente artiacute;culo intenta mostrar la profunda convergencia que une internamente el estadio eacute;tico de Kierkegaard con las maacute;s importantes categoriacute;as loacute;gicas de Hegel. Ambos pensadores conciben la idea como el poder real del devenir subjetivo y la (...) existencia como la concrecioacute;n actual de lo ideal. Para ambos, la pura eneacute;rgeia de la libertad, que comienza en la posibilidad abstracta y esteacute;tica de la inmediatez subjetiva, se realiza a siacute; misma como la actual concrecioacute;n de la finitud, capaz de asumir lo temporal y contingente por la fuerza eterna y necesaria del deber. La repeticioacute;n kierkegaardiana no es nada sino el poder de lo ideal, capaz de mediar el flujo de las diferencias finitas en la eterna identidad del sujeto. Sin embargo, tanto para Kierkegaard como para Hegel existe una absoluta contradiccioacute;n, llamada a promover la superacioacute;n de lo eacute;tico. (shrink)

RESUMENDesde el trasfondo de la cultura, emerge cierto imaginario social que, asentado en la periodicidad biológica de la fecundidad femenina, proyecta a la mujer como un ser cíclico y mudable, por oposición a la linealidad e inmutabilidad masculinas. Este imaginario se remonta a la conciencia humana originaria y prehistórica, para la cual la madre constituía y simbolizaba una realidad cíclica, continuamente renacida de su seno. En el contexto del feminismo de la diferencia, el presente artículo se propone releer en términos (...) metafísicos la simbólica circular y cíclica de la madre, concebida en el origen de la conciencia primitiva, recuperada por la filosofía feminista, y repetida por gran parte del pensamiento moderno y contemporáneo.PALABRAS CLAVEDIFERENCIA SEXUAL–ARQUETIPO–REPETICIÓN–INMANENCIA–DEVENIR. ABSTRACTFrom the background of culture, it emerges a social imaginary that, settled on the biological basis of female fertility, projects woman as a cyclical and changeable being, as opposed to male linearity and immutability. This imaginary dates back to the original and prehistoric human consciousness, to which the mother constituted and symbolized a cyclical actually, continually reborn from her womb. In the context of Feminism of Difference, this article aims at rereading in metaphysical terms the circular and cyclic symbolic of the mother, conceived at the origin of the primitive consciousness, recovered by Feminist Philosophy, and repeated by a large branch of Modern and Contemporary Thought.KEYWORDSSEXUAL DIFFERENCE–ARCHETYPE–REPETITION–IMMANENCE–BECOMING. (shrink)

During decades, the history of philosophy has kept Kierkegaardrsquo;s and Hegelrsquo;s thought apart, and their long-standing opposition has swept through the speculative greatness of Kierkegaardian existentialism and the existential power of Hegelian philosophy. In contrast to such unfortunate misinterpretation, this article aims at showing the deep convergence that relates interiorly the Kierkegaardian ethical stage with the most important Hegelian logic categories. Kierkegaard and Hegel conceive of the idea as the real power of subjective becoming, and the existence as the actual (...) concretion of the ideal. To both of them, the pure emeneacute;rgeia/em of freedom, which starts in the abstract and aesthetical possibility of the subjective immediacy, realizes itself as the actual concretion of finitude, assuming time and contingency by the eternal and necessary force of duty. The Kierkegaardian repetition is nothing but this powerful idea, mediating the flux of finite differences in the eternal identity of subject. However, for Kierkegaard as well as for Hegel there is an absolute contradiction, which promotes the overcoming of ethics. (shrink)